Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Increased expression of CD36 and CD163 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma suggests an association between lipid transport and an “M2-like” macrophage phenotype

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1773666

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of CD68 and CD163 in ccRCC samples. (A) CD68 was assessed using immunohistochemistry. (B) Expression of CD68 was assessed using the available TCGA data (KIRC dataset). Tumors were grouped by the pathological tumor size (pT). (C) CD163 was assessed using immunohistochemistry. (D) Expression of CD163 was assessed using the available TCGA data (KIRC dataset). Tumors were grouped by the pathological tumor size (pT). Student’s t-test for two groups and one-way ANOVA for four groups; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001,****p<0.0001. (E) Multiplex immunofluorescence imaging of ccRCC tumor tissues (representative of three patients) depicting CK (cytokeratin), CD163 and CD68 expression. White bar represents 200 μm (left) and 10 μm (right). (F) UMAP depicting clusters of single-cell data showing the expression of CD68 and CD163. Cell type annotations were adopted from the original publication . (G) Fraction of CD68+ cells co-expressing CD163 in RCC tumor tissue macrophage population. Positivity in scRNA-seq for CD68 and CD163 was defined from raw UMI counts as ≥1 UMI per gene (F) . (H) Flow cytometric analysis of CD45 on cells from central and peripheral ccRCC tumor tissue and adjacent kidney. (I) As in (H) , analysis of CD163 on CD68+ cells from central and peripheral ccRCC tumor tissue and adjacent kidney. Values were normalized to kidney controls. Representative histogram with geometric mean fluorescence intensities on the right. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett post-test comparing to kidney. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. (J) Data from (I) , tumor periphery, plotted as individual patients, depicting the portion of CD163+ and CD163neg cells.

Article Snippet: Reagents and antibodies used included FcR Blocking Reagent (Cat# 130-059-901), CD36 PE (Cat# 130-110-877), CD147 APC (Cat# 130-124-295), CD8a PE (Cat# 130-117-201), CD45 PE (Cat# 130-113-118), CD68 PE (Cat# 130-128-345), CD163 PE (Cat# 130-127-908), and pan-Cytokeratin APC (Cat# 130-123-091), all from Miltenyi Biotec.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, Multiplex Assay, Immunofluorescence, Imaging, Single Cell, Fluorescence

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Increased expression of CD36 and CD163 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma suggests an association between lipid transport and an “M2-like” macrophage phenotype

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1773666

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlations of CD36 and Oil Red O with immunological markers. Data was obtained as in Figures 1 , . Observer-based histological scores were used to calculate the correlations. As these scores are ordinal, individual data points may overlap in scatter plots. The number of overlapping values is indicated by numbers in parentheses. Correlation statistics were performed using Pearson´s correlation coefficients, and p-values were two-tailed. (A) Correlations of CD36 with CD68, CD163 and CD3. (B) Correlations of Oil Red O scores to CD68, CD163 and CD3. (C) Multiplex immunofluorescence imaging of ccRCC tumor tissues (representative of three patients) depicting CD68 and CD36 expression. (D) Flow cytometric analysis of CD36 on CD68+ cells from central and peripheral ccRCC tumor tissue and adjacent kidney. Values were normalized to kidney controls. Representative histogram with geometric mean fluorescence intensities on the right. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett post-test comparing to kidney, n.s. (E) As in (D) , correlation of CD36 and CD163 expression on CD68+ cells. (F) UMAP depicting macrophage cluster with expression of CD68, CD163 and CD36 . (G-I) Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral tumor tissues, correlating the expression of CD36 on CD45neg cells to (G) CD163 on CD68+ cells, (H) the CD68+ cell frequencies and (I) the frequencies of CD3+ CD8+ cells. Pearson´s correlation, two-tailed p-value. (J, K) Lipidomics performed on five ccRCC tumors with correlations of CD163 expression (IHC, area staining intensity in J; histological score in K) and the levels of triacylglycerol (TG).

Article Snippet: Reagents and antibodies used included FcR Blocking Reagent (Cat# 130-059-901), CD36 PE (Cat# 130-110-877), CD147 APC (Cat# 130-124-295), CD8a PE (Cat# 130-117-201), CD45 PE (Cat# 130-113-118), CD68 PE (Cat# 130-128-345), CD163 PE (Cat# 130-127-908), and pan-Cytokeratin APC (Cat# 130-123-091), all from Miltenyi Biotec.

Techniques: Two Tailed Test, Multiplex Assay, Immunofluorescence, Imaging, Expressing, Fluorescence, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Increased expression of CD36 and CD163 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma suggests an association between lipid transport and an “M2-like” macrophage phenotype

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1773666

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of CD147 in ccRCC samples. (A) CD147 was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Student’s t-test, *p<0.05. (B) Expression of CD147 was assessed using the available TCGA data (KIRC dataset). (C) Correlations of CD147 expression to CD36 and CD163 using area staining intensity. (D) Correlations of CD147 expression to CD36 and CD163 using observer-based histological scores. As these scores are ordinal, individual data points may overlap in scatter plots. The number of overlapping values is indicated by numbers in parentheses. Correlation statistics were performed using Pearson´s correlation coefficients, and p-values were two-tailed. (E) Flow cytometric analysis of CD147 on CD45neg cells from central and peripheral ccRCC tumor tissue and adjacent kidney. Values were normalized to kidney controls. Representative histogram with geometric mean fluorescence intensities on the right. (F) As in (E) , correlations of CD147 expression on CD45neg cells to CD36 in tumor periphery and tumor center. (G) Multiplex immunofluorescence imaging of ccRCC tumor tissues (representative of three patients) depicting CD36 and CD147 expression. White bar represents 200 µm (left) and 10 µm (right). (H) UMAP depicting clusters of single-cell data from ccRCC patients showing the expression of CD147. Cell type annotations were adopted from the original publication . (I) . Flow cytometric analysis of CD147 on CD68+ cells from central and peripheral ccRCC tumor tissue and adjacent kidney. Values were normalized to kidney controls. Representative histogram with geometric mean fluorescence intensities on the right. (J) As in (I) , correlation of CD163 and CD147 expression on CD68+ cells. Pearson´s correlation, two-tailed p-value. (K) UMAP visualization of CD163 and BSG (CD147) expression on myeloid cells from ccRCC tumors, cell type annotations were adopted from the original publication .

Article Snippet: Reagents and antibodies used included FcR Blocking Reagent (Cat# 130-059-901), CD36 PE (Cat# 130-110-877), CD147 APC (Cat# 130-124-295), CD8a PE (Cat# 130-117-201), CD45 PE (Cat# 130-113-118), CD68 PE (Cat# 130-128-345), CD163 PE (Cat# 130-127-908), and pan-Cytokeratin APC (Cat# 130-123-091), all from Miltenyi Biotec.

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Two Tailed Test, Fluorescence, Multiplex Assay, Immunofluorescence, Imaging, Single Cell

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Increased expression of CD36 and CD163 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma suggests an association between lipid transport and an “M2-like” macrophage phenotype

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1773666

Figure Lengend Snippet: Single cell RNA seq of ccRCC tumors. Data by Bi et al. was visualized and via the Single Cell Portal . Cell types, including immune subpopulations, were annotated as defined by the original authors. Expression of metabolic (ACAA2, SQLE, ACSL3, CD36) and immunologic (CD68, CD163, CD147) genes was examined across these distinct immune compartments. For the characterization of the immune cell populations, please refer to Bi et al. .

Article Snippet: Reagents and antibodies used included FcR Blocking Reagent (Cat# 130-059-901), CD36 PE (Cat# 130-110-877), CD147 APC (Cat# 130-124-295), CD8a PE (Cat# 130-117-201), CD45 PE (Cat# 130-113-118), CD68 PE (Cat# 130-128-345), CD163 PE (Cat# 130-127-908), and pan-Cytokeratin APC (Cat# 130-123-091), all from Miltenyi Biotec.

Techniques: Single Cell, RNA Sequencing, Expressing

Journal: Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR

Article Title: Gastric cancer-derived exosomal let-7 g-5p mediated by SERPINE1 promotes macrophage M2 polarization and gastric cancer progression.

doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03269-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2 High SERPINE1 expression in GC cells promotes macrophage M2 polarization. tSNE visualization of nine single-cell clusters partitioned by unsu pervised cluster analysis, SERPINE1 expression of each single-cell, and SERPINE1 expression abundance of different single-cell clusters in the GSE134520 (A–C) and GSE167297 (D–F) datasets. (G) Flow cytometry analysis of the proportion of CD68+CD206+ macrophages in a Transwell co-culture system, with MKN45 and AGS cells overexpressing (oe_SERPINE1) or silencing SERPINE1 (shRNA#3 or sh_SERPINE1#3) in the upper chamber, and THP1 cells treated with PMA in the lower chamber. (H) Immunofluorescence staining of xenograft tumor tissues. Comparison of the proportion of M1 or M2 macrophage infiltra tion. Green indicates F4/80. Red indicates iNOS or Arg1 expression

Article Snippet: THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages using 150 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, Sigma) for 24 h and subsequently co-cultured with cancer-derived exosomes or GC cells in 6-well plates with 0.4-μm membranes for 72 h. Harvested macrophages were converted into single-cell suspensions, stained with Elab Fluor 488 anti-human CD68 (Mouse, 1:20, ElabScience) and APC anti-human CD206 (Mouse, 1:20, ElabScience) antibodies, and analyzed for CD68+CD206+ populations by flow cytometry (Accuri C6, BD).

Techniques: Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Co-Culture Assay, shRNA, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Comparison

Journal: Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR

Article Title: Gastric cancer-derived exosomal let-7 g-5p mediated by SERPINE1 promotes macrophage M2 polarization and gastric cancer progression.

doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03269-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5 SERPINE1-mediated gastric cancer-derived exosomes facilitate the polarization of THP1 cells into M2 macrophages. (A) Schematic representation of the extraction and identification of exosomes and the induction of macrophage polarization. Transmission electron microscopy (B), nanoparticle tracking analysis (C), and western blotting (D) were used to identify the morphology, particle size, and markers of exosomes. (E) Confocal laser scanning microscopy detected Dil-labeled exosomes (red) internalized by DAPI-labeled macrophages (blue). (F–G) Immunofluorescence analysis of the proportion of CD206+ cells in THP1 cells treated with exosomes. (H–I) Flow cytometry analysis of the proportion of CD68+CD206+ cells in THP1 cells treated with exosomes. (J–K) qRT-PCR analysis of M1 markers (iNOS and TNF-α) and M2 markers (TGF-β, IL-10, and Arg-1) in THP1 cells treated with exosomes. (L–N) Transwell migration and invasion assays of GC cells (upper chamber) co-cultured with macrophages (lower chamber) ingesting exosomes

Article Snippet: THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages using 150 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, Sigma) for 24 h and subsequently co-cultured with cancer-derived exosomes or GC cells in 6-well plates with 0.4-μm membranes for 72 h. Harvested macrophages were converted into single-cell suspensions, stained with Elab Fluor 488 anti-human CD68 (Mouse, 1:20, ElabScience) and APC anti-human CD206 (Mouse, 1:20, ElabScience) antibodies, and analyzed for CD68+CD206+ populations by flow cytometry (Accuri C6, BD).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Extraction, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Western Blot, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Labeling, Immunofluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Quantitative RT-PCR, Migration, Cell Culture

Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: Photobiomodulation therapy increases neural stem cell pool in aged 3xTg-AD mice

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0321668

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Representative confocal images of Aβ plaques (6E10), microglia (Iba1) and CD68 showing diffuse microglial phagocytosis away from plaques in sham compared to localized phagocytosis around plaques in PBM-treated animals. B. Quantitative analysis of total and activated microglia show no overall differences in the neuroinflammatory environment surrounding Aβ plaques. (Unpaired t-test). C. Analysis of the distribution of CD68+ microglia shows a trend of higher concentration of phagocytic cells in contact with plaques, and decreasing phagocytosis away from plaques. (Two-way ANOVA).

Article Snippet: Up to six sections representing different regions of the hippocampus were immunostained with the following primary antibodies: Sox2 (Abcam), doublecortin (DCX, Santa Cruz), calretinin (CR, SWANT), β-amyloid (6E10, Biolegend), phospho-tau (pTau, AT8, Invitrogen), βIII-tubulin (Abcam), Iba1 (Synaptic Systems), and CD68 (Rockland).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Expression of Estrogen Receptor α by Decidual Macrophages in Preeclampsia

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020191

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization of the primary cultures of decidual macrophages ( a – c ). A representative forward and side scattering dot-plot ( a ). Flow cytometry analysis ( b ), representative histograms are provided for the control, late-onset preeclampsia (lPE) and early-onset preeclampsia (ePE) groups. Green curves represent staining control. The percentages of CD68-positive cells isolated from placenta samples collected from each group are indicated according to flow cytometry analysis ( c ). Immunohistochemical analysis ( d , e ), representative photos of decidual membrane stained with hematoxylin and anti-CD68 ( d ) or anti-CD56 ( e ) antibodies (DAB, brown, indicated by green circles), d: decidua, v: villi. Magnification, ×200; bars, 100 µm.

Article Snippet: Flow cytometry analysis was performed on a FACScan flow cytometer with CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) using monoclonal antibodies to CD68 (130-114-460, clone: REA886, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Control, Staining, Isolation, Immunohistochemical staining, Membrane

Journal: Journal of translational medicine

Article Title: The clinical importance of tumour-infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells in periampullary adenocarcinoma differs by morphological subtype.

doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1256-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1 Sample immunohistochemical images. Sample images of immunohistochemical staining of CD1a+ TIDC in a PB-type, b I-type tumour, CD68+ TAM in c PB-type, d I-type tumour, CD163+ TAM in e PB-type, f I-type tumour, and MARCO+ TAM in g PB-type, h I-type. Scale bar represents 20 μm

Article Snippet: For immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of CD1a, CD68, CD163 and MARCO, 4 μm TMA-sections were pretreated using ULTRA Cell Conditioning Solution 1, pH 8.5 (Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA) for heat induced epitope retrieval, and stained in a Ventana BenchMark stainer (Ventana Medical Systems Inc.) with the following antibodies: CD1a: clone NCL-CD1a-220, diluted 1:25, LEICA Biosystems, Newcastle, UK, CD68: clone KP1, diluted 1:1000, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark, CD163: clone 10D6 diluted 1:200 Novus Biologicals, Abingdon, United Kingdom, MARCO clone HPA063793, diluted 1:250, Atlas Antibodies, Bromma, Sweden.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining

Journal: Journal of translational medicine

Article Title: The clinical importance of tumour-infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells in periampullary adenocarcinoma differs by morphological subtype.

doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1256-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3 Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival according to CD68+ TAM density. Kaplan–Meier estimates of 5-year overall survival according to high and low CD68+ TAM density in a the entire cohort, b in I-type tumours and c in PB-type tumours

Article Snippet: For immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of CD1a, CD68, CD163 and MARCO, 4 μm TMA-sections were pretreated using ULTRA Cell Conditioning Solution 1, pH 8.5 (Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA) for heat induced epitope retrieval, and stained in a Ventana BenchMark stainer (Ventana Medical Systems Inc.) with the following antibodies: CD1a: clone NCL-CD1a-220, diluted 1:25, LEICA Biosystems, Newcastle, UK, CD68: clone KP1, diluted 1:1000, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark, CD163: clone 10D6 diluted 1:200 Novus Biologicals, Abingdon, United Kingdom, MARCO clone HPA063793, diluted 1:250, Atlas Antibodies, Bromma, Sweden.

Techniques:

Journal: Advanced Science

Article Title: Synovium‐On‐A‐Chip: Simulating the Microenvironment of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium via Multicell Interactions to Target Fibroblast‐Like Synoviocytes

doi: 10.1002/advs.202511945

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression levels of inflammatory factors in cocultures of RA FLSs, M1 macrophages, and HUVECs at different seeding ratios. A) Heatmap illustrating the expression levels of multiple inflammation‐related factors secreted by RA FLSs cultured alone (F), RA FLSs cocultured with M1 macrophages (FM), and RA FLSs, M1 macrophages, and HUVECs cocultured at ratios of 1:1:2 (FME‐2), 1:1:1 (FME‐1), and 1:1:0.5 (FME‐0.5). B) Expression levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in the F, FM, FME‐2, FME‐1, and FME‐0.5 groups. C) Expression levels of granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), IL‐12p70, interferon (IFN)‐γ, IFN‐α, IFN‐β, IFN‐λ1, and IFN‐λ2 in the F, FM, FME‐2, FME‐1, and FME‐0.5 groups. D) Multiplex immunofluorescence staining for specific proteins, including Vimentin (mesenchymal marker), CD68 (macrophage marker), and CD31 (endothelial cell marker), in RA synovial tissue. Scale bars, 100 µm. n = 3 per group. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistical analysis: one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For flow cytometry, primary cells were fixed, permeabilized, and subsequently incubated with Alexa Fluor 488‐conjugated anti‐Vimentin (677809; BioLegend, USA) and Elab Fluor 647 Anti‐Human CD68 (E‐AB‐F1299M; Elabscience, China) antibodies.

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture, Multiplex Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Marker